Aristocracy and Its Enemies in the Age of Revolution

Since time immemorial Europe had been dominated by nobles and nobilities. In the eighteenth century their power seemed better entrenched than ever. But in 1790 the French revolutionaries made a determined attempt to abolish nobility entirely. 'Aristocracy' became the term for everything they were against, and the nobility of France, so recently the most dazzling and sophisticated elite in the European world, found itself persecuted in ways that horrified counterparts in other countries. Aristocracy and its Enemies traces the roots of the attack on nobility at this time, looking at intellectual developments over the preceding centuries, in particular the impact of the American Revolution. It traces the steps by which French nobles were disempowered and persecuted, a period during which large numbers fled the country and many perished or were imprisoned. In the end abolition of the aristocracy proved impossible, and nobles recovered much of their property. Napoleon set out to reconcile the remnants of the old nobility to the consequences of revolution, and created a titled elite of his own. After his fall the restored Bourbons offered renewed recognition to all forms of nobility.But nineteenth century French nobles were a group transformed and traumatized by the revolutionary experience, and they never recovered their old hegemony and privileges. As William Doyle shows, if the revolutionaries failed in their attempt to abolish nobility, they nevertheless began the longer term process of aristocratic decline that has marked the last two centuries. [An] incisively-written volume. David Andress, BBC History Magazine Excellent and thought-provoking...an important book Munro Price, History Today a masterful and lucid account of the intellectual struggles and political tribulations that nobles endured at the end of the eighteenth century. Jonathan Beckman, Literary Review Simply stated, this is a marvellous book - wide-ranging, perceptive and comprehensive ... Doyle is to be congratulated on his fine achievement. Michael P. Fitzsimmons, English Historical Review This is an important and inspired book which I suspect will be vital reading for students and teachers of the French Revolution for many years to come. Ambrogio Caiani, French History In addition to contributing yet another impeccably researched, clearly written, and persuasively argued historical essay, Doyle has accomplished the great feat of giving social and political history the feel of grand drama, with compelling characters, spectacular plots, and surprising twists at every turn. Doina Pasca Harsanyi, H-France ReviewIntroduction ; 1. Aristocracy Ascendant: the world of eighteenth century nobility ; 2. Ideologies of Inequality ; 3. Ageless Antagonisms: the limits of discontent ; 4. Aristocracy Avoided: America and the Cincinnati ; 5. Straws in the Wind: the breakdown of the Old Order ; 6. Aristocracy Attacked: the rise and fall of the Noble Order ; 7. Aristocracy Abolished: the destruction of Noble Power ; 8. Ci-devants, 1790-2 ; 9. Persecution, 1792-1799 ; 10. Ambiguous Aftermaths ; Bibliography