Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-century England

This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Bishops had few effective avenues available to them for disciplining their clerks and rarely pursued them, preferring to secure their service and loyalty through rewards. The chief reward was the benefice, often granted for life. Episcopal administrators' security of tenure in these benefices, however, made them free agents, allowing them to transfer from diocese to diocese or even leave administration altogether; they did not constitute a standing episcopal civil service. This tenuous bureaucratic relationship made the personal relationship between bishop and clerk more important. Ultimately, many bishops communicated in terms of friendship with their administrators, who responded with expressions of devotion. Michael Burger's study brings together ecclesiastical, social, legal and cultural history, producing the first synoptic study of thirteenth-century English diocesan administration in decades. His research provides an ecclesiastical counterpoint to numerous studies of bastard feudalism in secular contexts. 'This book will be essential reading for anyone interested in the workings of diocesan administration in thirteenth-century England. In particular, Burger sheds new light on the complex relationship between the bishop and his bureaucrats. We learn why medieval bishops used rewards, particularly the granting of benefices, far more than punishments in dealing with their clerical subordinates, and [he] draws valuable comparisons between developments in episcopal and royal administration. Above all, this book explains how the rise of an administrative church impacted the power of bishops.' Adam Davis, Denison University and author of The Holy Bureaucrat: Eudes Rigaud and Religious Reform in Thirteenth-Century Normandy 'Burger's study provides a richly detailed examination of episcopal governance, revealing essential aspects of bishops' rule. He reveals the dark side of thirteenth-century diocesan administration concealed by previous institutional histories - the hunger for patronage, the inconsistencies of service, and the fickle fawning of clerics attempting to advance in the hierarchy. Scholars of medieval rule and its practice, both within and outside the church, will find much of interest in [this] book.' Robert F. Berkhofer III, Western Michigan University "Tenure', or a permanent employment contract, remains the aspiration of most employees. What role did such aspirations play in the medieval Church, and how did churchmen resolve the tensions between spiritual service and monetary reward? Could such rewards be diminished or even revoked if a churchman broke with his original patron? These are questions of great significance, yet they have never before been approached with the forensic mastery that Michael Burger brings to his task. [His] study of the benefice fills a major gap in our understanding of patronage. It tells many new and remarkable stories of masters and servants. Of the good, the bad, and the professionally litigious. It deserves to be widely read.' Nicholas Vincent, University of East AngliaPart I. The Problem: 1. Introduction; 2. Dangers of service; Part II. Rewards and Punishments: 3. Benefice for service and for benefit; 4. Security of tenure in benefices; 5. Pensions; 6. Other rewards; 7. Punishment; Part III. Consequences: 8. Patronage hunger; 9. Continuity and discontinuity in administration; 10. Affection and devotion; 11. Conclusions: culture and context.