Global Justice and Bioethics

Despite the massive scale of global inequalities, until recently few political philosophers or bioethicists addressed their ethical implications. Questions of justice were thought to be primarily internal to the nation state. Over the last decade or so, there has been an explosion of interest in the philosophical issues surrounding global justice. These issues are of direct relevance to bioethics. The links between poverty and health imply that we cannot separate questions of global health from questions about fair distribution of global resources and the institutions governing the world order. Similarly, as increasing numbers of medical trials are conducted in the developing world, researchers and their sponsors have to confront the special problems of doing research in an unjust world, with corresponding obligations to correct injustice and avoid exploitation. This book presents a collection of original essays by leading thinkers in political theory, philosophy, and bioethics. They address the key issues concerning global justice and bioethics from two perspectives. The first is ideal theory, which is concerned with the social institutions that would regulate a just world. What is the relationship between human rights and the provision of health care? How, if at all, should a global order distinguish between obligations to compatriots and others? The second perspective is from non-ideal theory, which governs how people should behave in the unjust world in which we actually find ourselves. What sort of medical care should actual researchers working in impoverished countries offer their subjects? What should NGOs do in the face of cultural practices with which they deem unethical? If coordinated international action will not happen, what ought individual states to do? These questions have more than theoretical interest; their answers are of direct practical import for policymakers, researchers, advocates, NGOs, scholars, and others. This book is the first collection to comprehensively address the intersection of global justice and bioethical dilemmas.
"The most innovative contributions include the arguments by Buchanan, Cole, and Keohane for a Global Institute for Justice in Innovation awarding prizes, grants, and extended intellectual monopoly privileges for new technology that has enabled proven community innovation (chapter 5, "Justice and the Diffusion of Innovation"). This would be funded by a World Bank subscription system. Also significant is the case Eyal makes for independently accredited Global Health Impact Labels that would apply to companies and their products involved in health care (chapter 10, "Global Health Impact Labels")." -- JAMA

1. INTRODUCTION; JOSEPH MILLUM AND EZEKIEL J. EMANUEL; PART ONE: IDEAL THEORY; 2. GLOBAL BIOETHICS AND POLITICAL THEORY; JOSEPH MILLUM; 3. IS THERE A HUMAN RIGHT TO ESSENTIAL PHARMACEUTICALS? THE GLOBAL COMMON, THE INTELLECTUAL COMMON, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PRIVATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; MATHIAS RISSE; 4. GLOBAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH: THE BASIS OF THE GLOBAL HEALTH DUTY; JONATHAN WOLFF; 5. JUSTICE IN THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION; ALLEN BUCHANAN & ROBERT O. KEOHANE; PART TWO: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL THEORY; 6. NON-IDEAL THEORY: A TAXONOMY WITH ILLUSTRATION; GOPAL SREENIVASAN; 7. THE BIOETHICS OF SECOND-BEST; ROBERT E. GOODIN; PART THREE: NON-IDEAL THEORY; 8. GLOBAL JUSTICE AND THE <"STANDARD OF CARE>" DEBATES; EZEKIEL J. EMANUEL; 9. INGO HEALTH PROGRAMS IN A NON-IDEAL WORLD: IMPERIALISM, RESPECT AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE; LISA FULLER; 10. GLOBAL-HEALTH IMPACT LABELS NIR EYAL; 11. THE OBLIGATIONS OF RESEARCHERS AMIDST INJUSTICE OR DEPRIVATION; ALAN WERTHEIMER