War in Peace

The First World War did not end in November 1918. In Russia and Eastern Europe it finished up to a year earlier, and both there and elsewhere in Europe it triggered conflicts that lasted down to 1923. Paramilitary formations were prominent in this continuation of the war. They had some features of formal military organizations, but were used in opposition to the regular military as an instrument of revolution or as an adjunct or substitute for military forces when these were unable by themselves to put down a revolution (whether class or national). Paramilitary violence thus arose in different contexts. It was an important aspect of the violence unleashed by class revolution in Russia. It structured the counter-revolution in central and Eastern Europe, including Finland and Italy, which reacted against a mythic version of Bolshevik class violence in the name of order and authority. It also shaped the struggles over borders and ethnicity in the new states that replaced the multi-national empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. It was prominent on all sides in the wars for Irish independence. In many cases, paramilitary violence was charged with political significance and acquired a long-lasting symbolism and influence. War in Peace explores the differences and similarities between these various kinds of paramilitary violence within one volume for the first time. It thereby contributes to our understanding of the difficult transitions from war to peace. It also helps to re-situate the Great War in a longer-term context and to explain its enduring impact.1. Paramilitarism in Europe after the Great War: An Introduction ; PART I: REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION ; 2. Revolution and Counter-Revolution: The Syndrome of Violence in Russia's Civil Wars, 1918-1920 ; 3. Bolshevism as Fantasy: Fear of Revolution and Counter-Revolutionary Violence, 1917-23 ; 4. Fighting the Red Beast: Counterrevolutionary Violence in the Defeated States of Central Europe ; 5. Revolution, Civil War, and Terror in Finland in 1918 ; 6. Paramilitary Violence in Italy: the Rationale of Fascism and the Origins of Totalitarianism ; PART II: NATIONS, BORDERLANDS, AND ETHNIC VIOLENCE ; 7. Bands of Nation Builders? Insurgency and Ideology in the Ukrainian Civil War ; 8. Turning Citizens into Soldiers: Baltic Paramilitary Movements after the Great War ; 9. Paramilitary Violence in the Balkans: Origins and Legacies ; 10. Paramilitary Violence in the Collapsing Ottoman Empire ; 11. Soldiers to Civilians, Civilians to Soldiers: Poland and Ireland after the First World War ; 12. The British Culture of Paramilitary Violence in the Irish War of Independence ; 13. Defending Victory: Paramilitary Politics in France, 1918-26. A Counter-example