Paediatric Nephrology

Paediatric Nephrology is designed to help the reader understand and manage any condition affecting the kidney in childhood. It is pocket-sized to give easy reference in the clinical setting and highlights the important issues for quick use. From history taking and urinalysis, electrolyte management, acute kidney injury and transplantation, all aspects are covered in this concise yet comprehensive guide to this specialist area. It is an invaluable reference for both the general paediatrician and the specialist. The appendix provides useful additional information and protocols. This new edition is up-to-date and evidence-based when possible. Tables and equations direct readers to the use of relevant medication and drug dosages.PATIENT ASSESSMENT ; History and examination ; Abnormalities of the urine and urinalysis ; The approach to the child with haematuria ; The approach to the child with proteinuria ; Radiological investigations ; Recommendations for ultrasound screening for renal abnormalities ; Percutaneous renal biopsy ; Renal histology ; Genetic testing and antenatal diagnosis ; THE NEONATE ; The foetus and birth ; Perinatal 'bright' kidneys ; Neonatal disorders of fluid balance ; Neonatal renal venous thrombosis ; CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES ; Antenatal diagnosis of structural renal abnormalities ; Renal agenesis ; Horseshoe kidney, renal ectopia and duplex kidneys ; The multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) ; Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) abnormalities ; Megaureter ; Posterior urethral valves ; Urogenital sinus and cloacal abnormalities ; Absent abdominal musculature syndrome ; URINARY TRACT INFECTION ; Background and clinical features ; Collection of urine samples and diagnosis ; Bacterial and host factors that predispose to infection ; Management ; Investigations ; The penis and foreskin ; Vulvovaginitis ; ENURESIS ; Nocturnal enuresis ; Primary diurnal and secondary enuresis ; Bladder pathology ; HOMEOSTASIS ; Disorders of sodium and water: Basic principles ; Disorders of sodium and water: Hypernatraemia ; Disorders of sodium and water: Hyponatraemia ; Disorders of potassium: Basic principles ; Disorders of potassium: Hyperkalaemia ; Disorders of potassium: Hypokalaemia ; Disorders of calcium: Basic principles ; Disorders of calcium: Hypercalcaemia ; Disorders of calcium: Hypocalcaemia ; Disorders of magnesium: Basic principles ; Disorders of magnesium:Hypermagnesaemia ; Disorders of magnesium: Hypomagnesaemia ; Disorders of phosphate: Basic principles ; Disorders of phosphate: Hyperphosphataemia ; Disorders of phosphate: Hypophosphataemia ; Disorders of acid-base balance: Basic principles ; Disorders of acid-base balance: Acidosis ; Disorders of acid-base balance: Alkalosis ; TUBULAR DISEASE ; Disorders of renal salt handling: Basic principles ; Disorders of renal salt handling: Proximal tubule ; Disorders of renal salt handling: Thick ascending limb ; Disorders of renal salt handling: Distal convoluted tubule ; Disorders of renal salt handling: Collecting duct ; Disorders of renal water handling ; Disorders of renal magnesium handling ; Rickets ; Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) ; RENAL CALCULI AND NEPHROCALCINOSIS ; Renal calculi ; Specific causes of calculi, their investigation and management ; Nephrocalcinosis ; GLOMERULAR DISEASE ; Overview of inherited glomerular diseases ; Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy ; Acute nephritis ; IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) ; Nephrotic syndromes: Definitions ; Congenital and Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome ; Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: Presenting episode ; Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: Relapsing disease ; Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) ; SYSTEMIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE KIDNEY ; Systemic lupus erythematosus: Background, clinical evaluation and investigation ; Systemic lupus erythematosus: Treatment of non-renal SLE ; Systemic lupus erythematosus: Classification and treatment of lupus nephritis ; Systemic lupus erythematosus: B cell-targeted therapies ; Diabetes and metabolic syndrome ; Sickle cell disease ; Renal involvement in cystic fibrosis ; Sarcoidosis ; Mitochondrial cytopathies ; Fabry disease ; Amyloidosis ; The emergency renal management of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) ; Cystinosis ; VASCULITIS ; The classification of paediatric vasculitis ; Investigation of primary systemic vasculitis ; The standard treatment of childhood vasculitis ; Henoch Schonlein purpura ; Kawasaki disease ; Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) ; The anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitides ; Takayasu arteritis ; INFECTIONS AND THE KIDNEY ; Infections and the kidney ; RENAL CYSTIC DISEASES AND CILIOPATHIES ; Renal cystic diseases: Basic principles ; Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) ; Renal structural abnormalities in Tuberous sclerosis ; Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) ; Nephronophthisis (NPHP) ; Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome ; Renal dysplasia ; SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASES ; Overviews of genetrics and renal abnormalities in inherited syndromes ; Down syndrome ; Williams syndrome ; Branchio-oto-renal syndrome ; RENAL TUMOURS ; Wilms' tumour ; Other renal tumours ; HYPERTENSION ; Basic concepts of blood pressure, and defining hypertension in children ; Measurement of blood pressure in infants and children ; The investigation of hypertension in the young ; Renovascular hypertension ; Treatment ; Ambulatory blood pressure measurement in children ; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY ; Background, pathophysiology and causes ; Assessment and investigations ; Management ; Hypertension ; Nutrition in AKI ; Drug therapy ; Dialysis ; Follow up of AKI ; Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS): Definitions ; Typical (D+) HUS: Epidemiology and notes ; HUS: Atypical ; Rhabdomyolysis ; Tumour lysis syndrome ; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ; Background and epidemiology ; Assessment of renal function ; Investigation of the cause of CKD ; Management: Overall aims ; Management: Fluid and electrolytes ; Management: Growth ; Management: Nutrition ; Management: Use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) ; Management: Enteral feeding ; Management: Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) ; Management: Anaemia ; Management: Immunisation schedule for infants and children ; Preparation for renal replacement therapy ; CHRONIC PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ; Principles of peritoneal dialysis ; Peritoneal dialysis solutions ; Peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) ; Peritonitis in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis ; Sclerosing peritonitis ; EXTRACORPOREAL TREATMENTS ; Haemodialysis: Principles of haemodialysis ; Haemodialysis: The machine, dialysate and water ; Haemodialysis: Factors affecting the prescription ; Haemodialysis: Complications ; Haemodialysis: Adequacy ; Haemodialysis: Vascular access ; Haemodialysis: Blood-borne viruses ; Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) ; Plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption ; TRANSPLANTATION ; Renal transplantation immunology ; Vaccination after transplantation ; Kidney transplantation-the surgery ; Immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant patients ; Diagnosis and treatment of transplant rejection ; Recurrent and de novo renal disease following renal transplantation ; Urinary tract infection post transplantation ; New onset diabetes after transplantation ; Infection post transplant ; Malignancy following renal transplantation ; Graft survival in transplant recipients ; DRUG PRESCRIBING ; Basic principles ; Specific drug issues of importance ; Intraperitoneal drug doses ; PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES ; Ethical issues ; Non-adherence in paediatric renal disease ; Long-term growth ; Long term survival of children on renal replacement therapy ; Palliative care ; APPENDIX ; Assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ; Furosemide test of urinary acidification ; DDAVP test ; Disodium pamidronate infusion ; Intravenous cyclophosphamide ; Guidelines for the use of Basiliximab (Simulect) ; Protocol for administration of blood to patients with or approaching CKD 5 ; Protocol for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ; Travel information - Guidance for renal patients ; Guidelines for the treatment of swine flu (H1N1) infection in children with renal disease ; Miscellaneous