Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Taking medication is a common occurrence for many people, whether it is to soothe an aching head, regulate blood sugars, or to treat life threatening conditions, such as HIV or cancer. In the UK alone, over 900 million prescriptions are dispensed every year. Overseeing all of this are pharmacists: experts in medicines and their use. The Integrated Foundations of Pharmacy series supports those who are at the beginning of their journey to become a pharmacist. The reader will begin to understand how a drug molecule is made; the process that turns it into a medicine; the role the pharmacist has when dispensing that medicine; and what happens in the body when it is taken. Most importantly, the series shows how each of these aspects are integrated, reflecting the most up-to-date teaching practices. Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides a wide-ranging overview of organic chemistry as applied to the study and practice of pharmacy. Drugs are simply chemicals, so to fully understand their manufacture, formulation, and the way they work in our bodies, an understanding of organic compounds and their reactions is essential. Online Resource Centre The Online Resource Centre to accompany Pharmaceutical Chemistry features: For registered adopters of the book: - Figures from the book, available to download. For students: - Self-assessment questions to help the reader to check and reinforce understanding of the material introduced in each chapter. - Related addtional resources.1. The importance of pharmaceutical chemistry ; CHEMICAL STRUCTURES AND NOMENCLATURE ; THE HUMAN TEST TUBE ; MORE TEST TUBES: PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS ; GLASS AND PLASTIC TEST TUBES ; FROM TEST TUBE TO PHARMACEUTICAL ; 2. Organic structure and bonding ; WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? ; THE SHAPE OF MOLECULES ; THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF CARBON ; THE SHAPE OF ORGANIC MOLECULES ; INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ; REACTIONS TYPES AND THE MAKING AND BREAKING OF BONDS ; THE PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISMS ; 3. Stereochemistry and drug action ; INTRODUCTION ; CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERISM ; CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM ; STEREOISOMERISM ; PROTEIN FOLDING DISEASES ; 4. Properties of aliphatic hydrocarbons ; NOMENCLATURE ; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS ; ALKANES ; ALKENES ; ALKYNES ; HYDROCARBONS IN PHARMACY ; 5. Alcohols, phenols, ethers, organic halogen compounds, and amines ; THE HYDROXYL GROUP ; POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ; PHENOLS ; ETHERS ; HALOALKANES AND OTHER ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS ; AROMATIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS ; POLYHALOGEN COMPOUNDS ; AMINES ; QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ; 6. The carbonyl group and its chemistry ; CARBONYL STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE ; THE POWER OF THE CARBONYL GROUP ; REACTIONS OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - NUCLEOPHILIC NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK ON CARBON ; ?-SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS ; CARBONYLS IN THE BODY ; CARBONYLS IN DRUGS - OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS ; 7. Introduction to aromatic chemistry ; WHAT IS AROMATIC CHEMISTRY? ; WHY IS AROMATIC CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT? ; THE CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE ; THE SYNTHESIS OF DRUGS ; AROMATIC CHEMISTRY IN THE BODY ; 8. Inorganic chemistry in pharmacy ; CONCEPTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ; METALS: INTRODUCTION ; GROUP 1 METALS ; GROUP 2 METALS ; PHOSPHORUS ; SULFUR ; PRECIOUS METALS ; 9. The chemistry of biologically important macromolecules ; SMALL MOLECULES VERSUS LARGE MOLECULES ; NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOSIDES ; PROTEINS ; CARBOHYDRATES ; LIPIDS ; 10. Origins of drug molecules ; DRUGS, DYES AND CLEANING FLUID: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ; ASPIRIN ; OPIOID ANALGESICS ; ANTIBIOTICS ; ANTICANCER AGENTS ; HORMONES ; PURIFICATION METHODS ; 11. Introduction to pharmaceutical analysis ; QUALITY CONTROL OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND FORMULATED PRODUCTS ; THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ; ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY ; MASS SPECTROMETRY ; GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY - GLC ; 12. The molecular characteristics of good drugs ; CHEMISTS AND 'RULES' ; THE RULE OF FIVE - AN EMPIRICAL RULE ; STEREOCHEMISTRY ; PURITY