Computer Security: Principles and Practices

Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 2e, is ideal for courses in Computer/Network Security. In recent years, the need for education in computer security and related topics has grown dramatically - and is essential for anyone studying Computer Science or Computer Engineering. This is the only text available to provide integrated, comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the broad range of topics in this subject. In addition to an extensive pedagogical program, the book provides unparalleled support for both research and modeling projects, giving students a broader perspective. The Text and Academic Authors Association named Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 1e, the winner of the Textbook Excellence Award for the best Computer Science textbook of 2008. Visit Stallings' Companion Website at http://williamstallings.com/CompSec/CompSec1e.html for student and instructor resources and his Computer Science Student Resource site http://williamstallings.com/StudentSupport.htmlOnline Resources xiii Notation xiv About the Authors xv Preface xvii Chapter 0 Reader's and Instructor's Guide 1 0.1 Outline of This Book 2 0.2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors 2 0.3 Support for CISSP Certification 3 0.4 Internet and Web Resources 5 0.5 Standards 7 Chapter 1 Overview 9 1.1 Computer Security Concepts 10 1.2 Threats, Attacks, and Assets 18 1.3 Security Functional Requirements 23 1.4 A Security Architecture for Open Systems 26 1.5 Computer Security Trends 31 1.6 Computer Security Strategy 33 1.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 35 1.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 36 PART ONE: COMPUTER SECURITY TECHNOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES 38 Chapter 2 Cryptographic Tools 38 2.1 Confidentiality with Symmetric Encryption 39 2.2 Message Authentication and Hash Functions 46 2.3 Public-Key Encryption 54 2.4 Digital Signatures and Key Management 59 2.5 Random and Pseudorandom Numbers 62 2.6 Practical Application: Encryption of Stored Data 64 2.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 66 2.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 67 Chapter 3 User Authentication 71 3.1 Means of Authentication 73 3.2 Password-Based Authentication 73 3.3 Token-Based Authentication 84 3.4 Biometric Authentication 88 3.5 Remote User Authentication 93 3.6 Security Issues for User Authentication 95 3.7 Practical Application: An Iris Biometric System 97 3.8 Case Study: Security Problems for ATM Systems 99 3.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 101 3.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 103 Chapter 4 Access Control 105 4.1 Access Control Principles 106 4.2 Subjects, Objects, and Access Rights 110 4.3 Discretionary Access Control 111 4.4 Example: UNIX File Access Control 118 4.5 Role-Based Access Control 121 4.6 Case Study: RBAC System for a Bank 129 4.7 Recommended Reading and Web Site 132 4.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 133 Chapter 5 Database Security 137 5.1 The Need for Database Security 138 5.2 Database Management Systems 139 5.3 Relational Databases 141 5.4 Database Access Control 144 5.5 Inference 149 5.6 Statistical Databases 152 5.7 Database Encryption 162 5.8 Cloud Security 166 5.9 Recommended Reading and Web Site 172 5.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 173 Chapter 6 Malicious Software 178 6.1 Types of Malicious Software (Malware) 179 6.2 Propagation--Infected Content--Viruses 182 6.3 Propagation--Vulnerability Exploit--Worms 188 6.4 Propagation--Social Engineering--SPAM E-mail, Trojans 195 6.5 Payload--System Corruption 197 6.6 Payload--Attack Agent--Zombie, Bots 199 6.7 Payload--Information Theft--Keyloggers, Phishing, Spyware 201 6.8 Payload--Stealthing--Backdoors, Rootkits 202 6.9 Countermeasures 206 6.10 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 215 6.11 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 216 Chapter 7 Denial-of-Service Attacks 220 7.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 221 7.2 Flooding Attacks 228 7.3 Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks 230 7.4 Application-Based Bandwidth Attacks 232 7.5 Reflector and Amplifier Attacks 234 7.6 Defenses Against Denial-of-Service Attacks 239 7.7 Responding to a Denial-of-Service Attack 243 7.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 244 7.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 245 Chapter 8 Intrusion Detection 248 8.1 Intruders 249 8.2 Intrusion Detection 253 8.3 Host-Based Intrusion Detection 256 8.4 Distributed Host-Based Intrusion Detection 263 8.5 Network-Based Intrusion Detection 265 8.6 Distributed Adaptive Intrusion Detection 270 8.7 Intrusion Detection Exchange Format 273 8.8 Honeypots 275 8.9 Example System: Snort 277 8.10 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 281 8.11 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 282 Chapter 9 Firewalls and Intrusion Prevention Systems 285 9.1 The Need for Firewalls 286 9.2 Firewall Characteristics 287 9.3 Types of Firewalls 288 9.4 Firewall Basing 296 9.5 Firewall Location and Configurations 298 9.6 Intrusion Prevention Systems 303 9.7 Example: Unified Threat Management Products 306 9.8 Recommended Reading and Web Site 310 9.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 311 PART TWO: SOFTWARE SECURITY AND TRUSTED SYSTEMS 316 Chapter 10 Buffer Overflow 316 10.1 Stack Overflows 318 10.2 Defending Against Buffer Overflows 339 10.3 Other Forms of Overflow Attacks 345 10.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 352 10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 353 Chapter 11 Software Security 355 11.1 Software Security Issues 356 11.2 Handling Program Input 360 11.3 Writing Safe Program Code 371 11.4 Interacting with the Operating System and Other Programs 376 11.5 Handling Program Output 389 11.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 391 11.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 392 Chapter 12 Operating System Security 396 12.1 Introduction to Operating System Security 398 12.2 System Security Planning 399 12.3 Operating Systems Hardening 399 12.4 Application Security 404 12.5 Security Maintenance 405 12.6 Linux/Unix Security 406 12.7 Windows Security 410 12.8 Virtualization Security 412 12.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 416 12.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 417 Chapter 13 Trusted Computing and Multilevel Security 420 13.1 The Bell-LaPadula Model for Computer Security 421 13.2 Other Formal Models for Computer Security 431 13.3 The Concept of Trusted Systems 437 13.4 Application of Multilevel Security 440 13.5 Trusted Computing and the Trusted Platform Module 447 13.6 Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation 451 13.7 Assurance and Evaluation 457 13.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 462 13.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 463 PART THREE: MANAGEMENT ISSUES 466 Chapter 14 IT Security Management and Risk Assessment 466 14.1 IT Security Management 467 14.2 Organizational Context and Security Policy 470 14.3 Security Risk Assessment 473 14.4 Detailed Security Risk Analysis 476 14.5 Case Study: Silver Star Mines 488 14.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 493 14.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 494 Chapter 15 IT Security Controls, Plans, and Procedures 497 15.1 IT Security Management Implementation 498 15.2 Security Controls or Safeguards 498 15.3 IT Security Plan 506 15.4 Implementation of Controls 507 15.5 Implementation Follow-up 508 15.6 Case Study: Silver Star Mines 511 15.7 Recommended Reading 514 15.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 514 Chapter 16 Physical and Infrastructure Security 516 16.1 Overview 517 16.2 Physical Security Threats 518 16.3 Physical Security Prevention and Mitigation Measures 525 16.4 Recovery from Physical Security Breaches 528 16.5 Example: A Corporate Physical Security Policy 529 16.6 Integration of Physical and Logical Security 529 16.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 536 16.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 537 Chapter 17 Human Resources Security 539 17.1 Security Awareness, Training, and Education 540 17.2 Employment Practices and Policies 546 17.3 E-Mail and Internet Use Policies 549 17.4 Computer Security Incident Response Teams 550 17.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 557 17.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 558 Chapter 18 Security Auditing 560 18.1 Security Auditing Architecture 562 18.2 The Security Audit Trail 567 18.3 Implementing the Logging Function 571 18.4 Audit Trail Analysis 583 18.5 Example: An Integrated Approach 587