Algorithms for Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Algorithms in Obstetrics and Gynaecology presents the core knowledge needed to tackle all situations in obstetrics and gynaecology, in a structured fashion. All algorithms are designed to support rapid decision making in the most clinically relevant situations to minimise the risks of a poor outcome. A range of clinical problems are covered from common non-life-threatening emergencies such as hyperemesis in pregnancy, to life-threatening acute events such as ectopic pregnancy, acute fetal distress or maternal collapse. Each topic is presented as either an algorithm, a care pathway, or table of key information and has been carefully structured to ensure a logical progression of thought to aid anticipation, early diagnosis and prompt and appropriate management. Accompanying key learning points highlight the essential information from the topic. Based on current national guidelines and clinical evidence, the algorithms and care pathways can be used as a reliable and practical resource for day to day practice in obstetrics and gynaecology.1. Non-urgent obstetrics ; 1.1 Diagnosis of pregnancy ; 1.2 Antenatal screening tests ; 1.3 Infections and vaccinations in pregnancy ; 1.4 Medications in pregnancy ; 1.5 Substance misuse in pregnancy ; 1.6 Multiple pregnancy ; 1.7 Vaginal discharge in pregnancy ; 1.8 Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PGP) and low back pain (LBP) ; 1.9 Exercise in pregnancy ; 1.10 Travelling in pregnancy ; 1.11 Management of constipation ; 1.12 Urinary tract symptoms in pregnancy ; 1.13 Rhesus alloimmunization ; 1.14 Thyroid disease in pregnancy ; 1.15 Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy ; 1.16 Renal disease in pregnancy ; 1.17 Cardiac disease and pregnancy ; 1.18 Anaemia in pregnancy ; 1.19 Jaundicey ; 1.20 Hypertension in pregnancy ; 1.21 Asthma in pregnancy ; 1.22 Pruritus in pregnancy ; 1.23 Liquor volume and fetal growth ; 1.24 Prolonged pregnancy and induction of labour ; 1.25 Birth after Caesarean section ur ; 1.26 Diagnosis of labour ; 1.27 Management of the third stage of labour ; 1.28 Clinical risk managementbour ; 2. Obstetric emergency presentations ; 2.1 Vomiting in pregnancy ; 2.2 Abdominal pain in pregnancy ; 2.3 Bleeding in late pregnancy (antepartum haemorrhage) ; 2.4 Leakage of amniotic fluid ; 2.5 Convulsions ; 2.6 Reduced fetal movements ; 2.7 Intrauterine death ; 2.8 Breech presentation ; 2.9 Unstable lie ; 2.10 Preterm labour (PTL) ; 2.11 Poor progress in labour ; 2.12 Abnormal fetal heart rate in labour ; 2.13 Prolonged second stage ; 2.14 Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) ; 2.15 Post-partum psychosis ; 2.16 Post-partum bladder problems ; 2.17 Management of perineal tears ; 2.18 Puerperal abdominal distension ; 2.19 Leg pain and swelling in pregnancy and puerperium ; 2.20 Maternal collapse ; 2.21 Instrumental delivery ; 2.22 Post-operative care after a Caesarean section ; 2.23 Emergency Caesarean section ; 2.24 Post-partum pyrexia and puerperal sepsis ; 3. Non-urgent gynaecology ; 3.1 Menorrhagia ; 3.2 Irregular vaginal bleeding ; 3.3 Amenorrhoea ; 3.4 Dysmenorrhoea ; 3.5 Painful intercourse ; 3.6 Abnormal cervical smears ; 3.7 Contraception ; 3.8 Unwanted pregnancy 2 ; 3.9 Recurrent miscarriage ; 3.10 Trophoblastic disease ; 3.11 Management of the infertile couple ; 3.12 Chronic pelvic pain ; 3.13 Endometriosis ; 3.14 Fibroids ; 3.15 Premenstrual syndrome ; 3.16 Urinary urgency, frequency, and urinary incontinence ; 3.17 Genital prolapse ; 3.18 Post-menopausal bleeding ; 3.19 Gynaecological cancers ; 3.20 Management of vulval irritation and vulvodynia ; 3.21 Menopause and HRT ; 4. Gynaecology emergency presentations ; 4.1 Acute pelvic pain ; 4.2 Ectopic pregnancy ; 4.3 Miscarriage ; 4.4 Management of ovarian masses in premenopausal women ; 4.6 Management of vaginal discharge post-menopausal ; 4.8 Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) ; 4.9 Emergency contraception ic infections/pelvic infl ; 4.11 Sexual assaultimulation syndrome (OHSS)