Expanding Family Life Cycle

Note: This is the bound book only and does not include access to the Enhanced Pearson eText. To order the Enhanced Pearson eText packaged with a bound book, use ISBN 0134057279. Updated, expanded, and more comprehensive than ever, this new Fifth Edition a classic family therapy resource, The Expanded Family Life Cycle, gives readers a solid understanding of human development and the life cycle. Featured are a groundbreaking integration of individual development within a systemic context discussion of the increasing racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity across the life cycle in the United States today; life cycle perspectives on LGBT issues, alcohol, sexuality, migration, social class, violence in the family, and assessment of "home place" as fundamental to clinical work. This edition moves from society's general orientation of nuclear families to consider a more diverse and inclusive definition of society's rapidly changing family patterns, one that considers, among other things, that the life cycle time frame itself has been expanding as people live longer and the patterns of coupling and child rearing continue to change. Also explored are the impact of issues at multiple levels of the human system and the individual, family households, extended family, community, cultural group, and the larger society. Included are new chapters on sexuality over the life curse, mental health as well as physical health in life cycle perspective, and friendship through the life cycle. The Enhanced Pearson eText features embedded self-check assessments. Improve mastery and retention with the Enhanced Pearson eText* The Enhanced Pearson eText provides a rich, interactive learning environment designed to improve student mastery of content. 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It requires Android OS 3.1-4, a 7" or 10" tablet, or iPad iOS 5.0 or later.Part 1 Perspectives on the Evolving Family Life Cycle Chapter 1 OVERVIEW: THE LIFE CYCLE IN ITS CHANGING CONTEXT: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES Monica McGoldrick, Nydia Garcia Preto & Betty Carter The Family Life Cycle: A System Moving Through Time The Changing Patterns of the Family Life Cycle Dimensions of Human Development in the Context of the Family and Society Developing a Self in Context: Belonging Friendship Through the Life Cycle Developing a Self in Context: Gender The Connected Self: Beyond Autonomy and Self Determination A Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Framework for Understanding Human Development Anxiety, Symptom Development and Healing The Socio-Cultural Context of Human Development The Family Context of Human Development The Individual Life Cycle in Context Multi-Contextual Assessment Case Illustration: The Aiello-Lopez Family Conclusion Figures-Genograms- Figure 1.1: A Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Framework for Clinical Assessment Figure 1.2: Multi-Contextual Framework for Clinical Assessment Table 1.1: Phases of the Family Life Cycle Table 1.2: The Individual Life Cycle in Context Figure 1.3: Guidelines for a Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Assessment Figure 1.4: The Aiello-Lopez Family Chapter 2 WOMEN AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Monica McGoldrick Women's Changing Life Cycle Roles Women and Education Women and Work Women in Families Women in the Middle: Women and Caretaking Women's Exclusion From Power Under the Law and Societal Expectations Women and Marriage Mothers and Children Adolescence Stepmothers Launching Children and Moving On Older Families Women and Their Friendship Networks Women and Loss Conclusion: Affirming Women Through the Life Cycle Chapter 3 MEN AND THE LIFE CYCLE Matthew R. Mock & Tim Baima Introduction Childhood and Adolescence Men and Work Men as Partners and Husbands Fatherhood Men in Later Life Conclusion Chapter 4 SOCIAL CLASS AND THE LIFE CYCLE Jodie Kliman Introduction Intersections of Class and Other Factors Understanding Social Class Class Position and Families Invisible class differences. Case Examples Social Class and Families With Young Children Social Class and Families With Older Children and Adolescents Social Class and Families With Late Adolescents and Young Adults Social Class and Families With Adults in Mid- and Later Life Conclusions: Implications for Family Therapy Figures-Genograms- Figure 4.1: Sophie and Daniel's Genogram Figure 4.2: Ta'esha's Genogram Figure 4.3: Miguelito's Genogram Figure 4.4: Author's Genogram Chapter 5 THE LIFE CYCLE OF ECONOMICALLY FRAGILE FAMILIES Paulette Moore Hines Factors Affecting Multi-Stressed Families Throughout the Life Cycle Racial-Cultural Discrimination Female-Headed Households High Unemployment/Underemployment Uncertainty Toxic Environments Ongoing Trauma Exposure, Disruptions in Attachments, and Untimely Losses Reliance on Institutional Supports A Condensed Life Cycle The Condensed Family Life Cycle: Assessment and Treatment Stage 1: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations Stage 2: Coupling and Raising Children Sustaining Intimate Relationships Taking on Parental Roles Realigning Relationships with Extended Family Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations Stage 3: Families in Later Life Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations Overarching Assessment and Treatment Considerations Case Illustration Avoiding Therapist Burn-Out Conclusion Chapter 6 SEXUALITY AND THE LIFE CYCLE Tracey Laszloffy Sexuality and Individual and Family Development Boundaries The Bergens: A Case of Rigid Boundaries The Mishras: A Case of Loose Boundaries Sexual Beliefs/Messages and Resulting Feelings/Behaviors Intergenerational Patterns Related to Sex and Gender Cultural Normas Religion Sex and Sin Social Class Ethnic/Racial Background Soeietal Organizing Principles Sexuality Over the Life Cycle Couplehood Pregnancy Young Children and Families Adolescents and Families Mid-Life Families with Older Family Members Case Study Summary Figure 6.1: Mahoney/Corelli family genogram Table 6.1 Beliefs/Messages Chapter 7 LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Deidre Ashton Introduction Current Status of LGBT Families in the United States Access to Marriage Family Growth Diversity Among LGBT Families Models of LGBT Identity Development Lesbian and Gay Identity Development Bisexual Identity Development Transgender Identity Development Coming Out The Family Life Cycle Leaving Home and Staying Connected: Launching and Single Adulthood Coupling Parenting: Families With Young Children Parenting: Families With Adolescent Children Families in Later Life Conclusion Chapter 8 SPIRITUALITY AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Sueli Petry Spirituality and Religion in America Family Life Cycle Theory and Application to Context of Spirituality Children and Spirituality Case Study-Anthony and Angelina: children's spiritual beliefs may comfort or cause anxiety Adolescence: Identity Development and Spirituality Case Study-Joshua: adolescents challenge family beliefs Early Adulthood: Time to Explore and Make Choices About Spiritual Beliefs Case Study-Lorraine and Richard: interfaith couple's counseling Case Study-Ana and Luis: spirituality overcomes oppression Middle-Age: Beliefs Reaffirmed Case Study-Lucy: spirituality, spirits, and resiliency in the face of untimely loss Older Adults: Aging and Facing Mortality Case Study-Pearl: spirituality promotes dignity in the face of poverty and oppression Case Study-Eleanor: unresolved spiritual issues and depression Conclusion Figures-Genograms- Figure 8.1: Joshua's Genogram Figure 8.2: Lorraine and Richard's Genogram Figure 8.3: Ana and Luis' Genogram Figure 8.4: Lucy's Genogram Chapter 9 SIBLINGS AND THE LIFE CYCLE Monica McGoldrick & Marlene Watson The Importance of Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle Age Spacing Gender Differences Culture, Class, Race and Ethnicity Racial /Ethnic Identity of Siblings Birth-Order Effects in Sibling Relationships Life Cycle Issues in Families With Disabled Siblings Sibling Positions and Parenting Siblings and Adolescent Relationships Sibling Relationships in Young Adulthood Sibling Positions and Marital Relationships In-Laws, Step- and Half Siblings Sibling Relationships in Midlife Sibling Relationships After the Death of Parents Rules of Thumb for Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle Conclusions Chapter 10 SINGLE ADULTS AND THE LIFE CYCLE Kathy Berliner, Demaris Jacob, & Natalie Schwartzberg Introduction Setting the Clinical Stage Marriage as Social Empowerment Marriage And The Family Of Origin Multigenerational Themes Class And Culture The Single Person's Life Cycle The Twenties: Establishing Adulthood The Thirties: The Single Crisis Tasks Midlife: Developing Alternative Scripts Later Life: Putting It All Together References CHAPTER 11 FRIENDSHIP AND THE LIFE CYCLE Timothy Baima & Kiran Arora Introduction Trends Across The Life Cycle Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence Developmental Significance and Benefits of Friendship Developmental Characteristics of Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence Social Influences And Friendship Stability in Childhood and Adolescence Adult Friendships Characteristics of Adult Friendships Friends and Resiliency Gender and Adult Heterosexual Friendships Heterosexual Couples and Friendships Friendship and Divorce Friendships in Later Life Friendships Among Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People Critical Themes of Friendship Friendships and Family Relationships Complement One Another Working on Relational Challenges in Friendships Improves Friendship Quality Similarities Facilitate Friendship Bonds Wholeness is Compromised in Order to Stabilize Friendship Race is an Organizing Principle in Friendships The Story of Our Friendship Our Contexts References Chapter 12 MIGRATION AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Celia J. Falicov A Social Constructionist View of the Life Cycle MECA for Migration and Life Cycle Processes MECA: Migration-Acculturation Migration as a Developmental Process Migration as Ambiguous Loss and Gain Variations in the Experience of Traumatic Migration Family Composition at Migration Lack of Transitional Rituals Transnationalism and Technologies of Communication MECA: Ecological Context Linguistic and Cultural Dissonance Host Country Receptions and Community Insertions Stresses of Racism Double Consciousness as a Resilient Response Silence, Poverty, Undocumented Status and Empowerment MECA: Family Organization Family Reorganization Due to Migration Changes Generational Tensions and Family Reorganizations CEFSA: Cultural Differences, Ecological Fears and Separation Anxiety Gender Role Reorganizations in Couple Relationships Family Separations and Reunifications Truth or Lies Transnational Therapies MECA: Family Life Cycle Cultural Change and Continuity in the Life Cycle Age and Life Stage Implications for Migration Religion and Spirituality Pile-Up of Life Cycle Transitions in Transnational Contexts Second Generation Transnational Exposure The Immigrant's Paradox Conclusion Table 12.1 Multidimensional Ecological Comparative Approach (MECA) Continuities and changes in immigrant family life cycle in cultural diversity and social justice processes. Part 2 Life Cycle Transitions and Phases Chapter 13 BECOMING AN ADULT: FINDING WAYS TO LOVE AND WORK Richard H. Fulmer Young Adulthood(s) in the New Century Early Young Adulthood: Developmental Tasks Work Tasks: Preparation Without Pay or Earning out of Necessity? Relationship Tasks: Trying to Find Love in Lust Early Young Adulthood: Ages 18 to 21 Later Young Adulthood, Ages 22 to 30: Trying to Consolidate Work and Family Alcohol and drugs in later young adulthood Family dynamics Parents' relationship How financial support affects the relationship Young adulthood "off the books" Young adulthood for individuals with same-sex attractions Young Adulthood for Men Anticipation of Death Barriers to Affiliation for Men Affiliation: Can Fathers Help? Young Adulthood for Women Anticipation of Birth Conclusion: Young Adulthood as a Transition for Three Generations Chapter 14 BECOMING A COUPLE Monica McGoldrick Marriage in Our Times Marriage: Sex, Love, Power, Money, and Administration What makes Marital Adjustment More Difficult Fusion and Intimacy Gay and Lesbian Couples The Wedding Sexuality Patterns With Extended Family In-Laws Sibling Issues in Couple Formation Cultural Differences Conclusion Figure 14.1: Issues That Tend To Make Marital Adjustment More Difficult Figure 14.2: Characteristics of Intimate Relationships Chapter 15 BECOMING PARENTS: THE FAMILY WITH YOUNG CHILDREN Monica McGoldrick, & Barbara Petkov, & Betty Carter The Transition to Parenthood Expectations Versus Reality The Extended Family Couple Relationships and Traditional Roles In The Parenthood Phase Clinical Implications of Pull to Traditional Gender Roles Child Care and The Work-Family Dilemma Child-Rearing Discipline Single-Parenting Teenage Parenting Infertility Adoption Lesbian and Gay Parenting Children with Disabilities Child Abuse Clinical Guidelines The Evaluation The Therapy Shifting Among Levels of the System Conclusion Figures-Genograms- Figure 15.1: Genogram of Gary and Sharon's Family Chapter 16 TRANSFORMATION OF THE FAMILY SYSTEM DURING ADOLESCENCE Nydia Garcia Preto Overview Risk Behaviors and Prevention Evolving One's Identity: The Balance Between Self and Other: A Multicontextual Three Generational Perspective A Multicontextual Three Generational View Clinical Assessment Conclusion Chapter 17 FAMILIES AT MIDLIFE: LAUNCHING CHILDREN AND MOVING ON Nydia Garcia Preto & Lynn Blacker Overview: Midlife and Launching Women and Men At Midlife Facing Aging Launching Children, and Redefining Relationships With Them Renegotiating Relationships With Other Family Members And Friends Accepting The Expansion Of The Family Through Marriage And Grandchildren Renegotiating Couple Relationships Divorce At Midlife Renegotiating Relationships With Parents The Death Of Parents Conclusion Chapter 18 FAMILIES IN LATER LIFE: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND RESILIENCE Froma Walsh The Graying of the Family The Varying and Extended Family Life Course From Ageism and Gerophobia to a Larger Vision of Later Life The Vital Importance of Family Bonds Later-Life Transitions and Challenges Retirement Grandparenthood Chronic Illness and Family Caregiving Dementias: The Long Good-Bye Family Intervention Issues and Priorities From Designated Caregiver to Caregiving Team Placement Planning End-of-life Challenges and Loss of Loved Ones Cross-Generational Interplay of Life Cycle Issues Successful Aging: Meaning and Connection The Wisdom and Spirit of the Elders The Significance of Relational Connections Clinical Challenges and Opportunities: A Resilience-Oriented Approach Facilitating Family Healing and Resilience Looking Ahead Expanding Our Developmental Lens Chapter 19 DEATH, LOSS, AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Monica McGoldrick & Froma Walsh Family Adaptation to Loss 1. Shared Acknowledgment of the Death and Loss 2. Shared Experience of the Loss 3. Reorganization of the Family System 4. Reinvestment in Other Relationships and Life Pursuits Assessing Loss In Life Cycle Perspective Timing: When In The Family's Life Cycle The Death Occurred Role and Relationships with The Deceased The Socio-Economic, Ethnic, Gender, Religious, Political and Historical Context of the Death The Manner of Death The Family's History of Loss Family Relationships and Resources at Time of Death Loss at Various Family Life Cycle Stages New Couples Families with Young Children Families with Adolescents Launching and Moving On: Young Adults and Parents at Mid-life Families in Later Life Death in Divorced and Remarried Families Varied Life Course Challenges: Hidden and Stigmatized Losses Diverse Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices Conclusion Chapter 20 DIVORCE: AN UNSCHEDULED FAMILY TRANSITION Constance R. Ahrons The Context of Divorce: Historical and Legal Perspectives Demographics and the Probability of Divorce Ethnic, Gender and Life Cycle Variations The Social Context Divorce as a Multidimensional Process The Binuclear Family Dual-Household Binuclear Families Transitions of the Divorce Process The Transitions Framework Individual Cognition: The Decision Family Metacognition: The Announcement Betrayal and Blame Loss Systemic Separation: Dismantling the Nuclear Family Orderly and Disorderly Separations Legal Issues Systemic Reorganization: The Binuclear Family The Former Spouse Relationship Co-Parenting Relationships Establishing Boundaries Family Redefinition: The Aftermath Clinical Overview Chapter 21 SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES: STRENGTHS, VULNERABILITIES, AND INTERVENTIONS Carol M. Anderson & Maria Anderson Single Parents and the Family Life Cycle New Single-Parent Families With Young Children Single-Parent Families With Older Children And Adolescents Single Parenting In The Post-Child-Rearing Years When Single-Parent Families Seek Help Cases Of Single-Parent Families Seeking Help Angela: Balancing A Need For Independence With The Need For Support Daniel: A Committed Single-Parent Father Against All Odds Mary: Divorced, Overwhelmed, And In Crisis Kathleen: Independent With A Vengeance Conclusions Chapter 22 THE REMARRIAGE CYCLE: DIVORCED, MULTINUCLEAR AND RECOUPLED FAMILIES Monica McGoldrick & Betty Carter Introduction The Divorce-Remarriage Cycle Predictable Issues In Remarriage Adjustment and Family Integration Issues with Stepparents and Stepchildren The Stress of Money Gays and Lesbians in Stepfamilies Emotional Issues: Anger, Grief, Pseudomutuality, Loyalty Conflicts, Conflict and Cutoff Remarriage at Various Phases of the Family Life Cycle Spouses at the Same Life Cycle Phase Stepfamilies and Young Children Stepfamilies With Adolescents The Impact of Remarriage in Later Life Cycle Phases Clinical Intervention With Remarried Families Triangle between the new spouses and an ex-spouse Triangle involving a pseudomutual remarried couple, an ex-spouse, and a child or children Triangle involving a remarried couple in conflict over the child/children of one of them Triangle involving a pseudomutual remarried couple, his children, and her children Triangle involving a parent, the biological children, and the stepchildren Triangle involving remarried spouses and the parents of either 332 Clinical Guidelines Case Illustration Figures-Genograms- Figure 22.1: Genogram of Josh and Susan Table 22.1: The Developmental Tasks for Divorcing & Remarrying Families Part 3 Clinical Dilemmas and Interventions Chapter 23 CHRONIC ILLNESS AND THE LIFE CYCLE John S. Rolland The Dimension of Time The Social Context of Illness and Disabilities Psychosocial Typology of Illness Onset Course Outcome Incapacitation Uncertainty Time Phases of Illness Clinical Implications Interweaving of the Illness, Individual and Family Development Phases of Child-Rearing and Postlaunching Life Cycle Transition Phases Life Structure-Maintaining Phases Multigenerational Experiences with Illness, Loss and Crisis Illness Type and Time Phase Issues Replication of System Patterns Life Cycle Coincidences Across Generations Serious Chronic Mental Disorders The New Era of Genetics Conclusion Figure 23.1 Three dimensional model: illness type, time phase, family functioning. Figure 23.2: Interface of Chronic Illness and the Family Figure 23.3: Time Line and Phase of Illness Table 23.1: Categorization of Chronic Illnesses by Psychosocial Type Chapter 24 ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND THE LIFE CYCLE Tracey A. Laszloffy Definitions of Alcoholism Scope of the Problem Risk Factors/Vulnerabilities Biology and genetics Family of origin Age Attitudes and beliefs about alcohol Psychiatric disorders Social marginalization and devaluation Understanding Alcoholism From a Family Life Cycle Perspective Contextual Factors The Launching and Leaving Phase New Couplehood Sober-intoxicated interaction patterns Skewed boundaries Poor communication and low problem solving Overfunctioning/underfunctioning Gay and Lesbian Couples Relationship Violence Pregnancy and New Parenthood Parenthood and Young Children Approaches to Parenting Effect of Alcoholism on Children Families With Adolescents Midlife Change Divorce Aging and Later Life Implications for Treatment Case Study The Burton family Conclusion Chapter 25 VIOLENCE AND THE LIFE CYCLE Monica McGoldrick & Mary Anne Ross Introduction Violence Is Abuse of Power The Experience of Violence is Different for Men and Women Not Just A Family Legacy But A Social Legacy Couples Families With Children Children Experiencing Physical Violence Child Sexual Abuse Intervention Begins With Education Bullying and Cyber-Bullying Families With Adolescents Assessment Intervention Families at Midlife Older Families Conclusion Figures-Genograms- Figure 25.1: U.S. Government Definition of Domestic Violence Chapter 26 CREATING MEANINGFUL RITUALS FOR NEW LIFE CYCLE TRANSITIONS Evan Imber-Black Creating Rituals as a Developmental Task for Couples Contemporary Life Cycle Transitions El Salvador and the Bronx The Emergence of Symptoms The house-cooling party Therapeutic Rituals The giving of gifts Discussion of the Ritual Healing Rituals Setting fire to the past Identity Redefinition Rituals A mutual adoption celebration Designing and Implementing Rituals for New Life Cycle Transitions Conclusion Chapter 27 THE THERAPIST AND THE FAMILY: THE INTERSECTION OF LIFE CYCLES Steve Lerner Dimensions of Similarity Between Therapist and Client Brief Scenarios: Complex Therapist-Family Life Cycle Interactions Families With Young Children: A Complex Intersection She Nurtures/He Earns: The Therapist's Transition Gets in the Way Supervision Supervisory feedback Family of origin data The Long-Term View: Working With One Family Over Successive Life Cycle Stages Working With Loss: A Link Between Life Cycle Stages Conclusion