Modern Elementary Statistics

This book is intended for use in a first course in Statistics. There is a systematic academic approach in "Modern Elementary Statistics". Its emphasis is on introduction to meaningful, well-established statistical techniques. The future would be medical doctor, business executive, scientist, teacher, or other professional specialist must comprehend and be skillful in the application of baisc statistical tools and methodology. The student's knowledge is greatly enhanced by repeated exposure to statistical exercises.Preface Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Growth of Modern Statistics 1.2 Sources of Statistical Data 1.3 The Nature of Statistical Data Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Listing and Grouping 2.1 Listing Numerical Data 2.2 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 2.3 Frequency Distribution 2.4 Graphical Presentations 2.5 Summarizing Two-Variable Data Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Measures of Location 3.1 Population and Samples 3.2 The Mean 3.3 The Weighted Mean 3.4 The Median 3.5 Other Fractiles 3.6 The Mode 3.7 The Description of Grouped Data 3.8 Technical Note (Summations) Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Measures of Variation 4.1 The Range 4.2 The Standard Deviation and the Variance 4.3 Applications of the Standard Deviation 4.4 The Description of Grouped Data 4.5 Some Further Descriptions Chapter 5: Possibilities and Probabilities 5.1 Counting 5.2 Permutations 5.3 Combinations 5.4 Probability Chapter 6: Some Rules of Probability 6.1 Samples Spaces and Events 6.2 The Postulates of Probability 6.3 Probabilities and Odds 6.4 Addition Rules 6.5 Conditional Probability 6.6 Multiplication Rules 6.7 Bayes' Theorem Chapter 7: Expectations and Decisions 7.1 Mathematical Expectation 7.2 Decision Making 7.3 Statistical Decision Problems Chapter 8: Probability Distributions 8.1 Random Variables 8.2 Probability Distributions 8.3 The Binomial Distribution 8.4 The Hypergeometric Distribution 8.5 The Poisson Distribution 8.6 The Multinomial Distribution 8.7 The Mean of a Probability Distribution 8.8 The Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution Chapter 9: The Normal Distribution 9.1 Continuous Distributions 9.2 The Normal Distribution 9.3 A Check for Normality 9.4 Applications of the Normal Distribution 9.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Chapter 10: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 10.1 Random Sampling 10.2 Sample Designs 10.3 Systematic Sampling 10.4 Stratified Sampling 10.5 Cluster Sampling 10.6 Sampling Distributions 10.7 The Standard Error of the Mean 10.8 The Central Limit Theorem 10.9 Some Further Considerations 10.10 Technical Note (Simulation) Chapter 11: Problems of Estimation 11.1 The Estimation of Means 11.2 The Estimation of Means 11.3 The Estimation of Standard Deviations 11.4 The Estimation of Proportions Chapter 12: Tests of Hypotheses: Means 12.1 Tests of Hypotheses 12.2 Significance Tests 12.3 Tests Concerning Means 12.4 Tests Concerning Means ( unknown) 12.5 Differences Between Means 12.6 Differences Between Means ( unknown) 12.7 Difference Between Means (Paired data) Chapter 13: Tests of Hypotheses: Standard Deviations 13.1 Tests Concerning Standard Deviations 13.2 Tests Concerning Two Standard Deviations Chapter 14: Tests of Hypotheses Based on Count Data 14.1 Tests Concerning Proportions 14.2 Tests Concerning Proportions (Large Samples) 14.3 Differences Between Proportions 14.4 The Analysis of r x c Table 14.5 Goodness of Fit Chapter 15: Analysis of Variance 15.1 Difference among k Means: An Example 15.2 The Design of Experiments: Randomization 15.3 One-Way Analysis of Variance 15.4 Multiple Comparisons 15.5 The Design of Experiments: Blocking 15.6 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 15.7 Two-Way Analysis of Variance Without Interaction 15.8 The Design of Experiments: Replication 15.9 Two-Way Analysis of Variance with Interaction 15.10 The Design of Experiments: Further Considerations Chapter 16: Regression 16.1 Curve Fitting 16.2 The Method of Least Squares 16.3 Regression Analysis 16.4 Multiple Regression 16.5 Nonlinear Regression Chapter 17: Correlation 17.1 The Coefficient of Correlation 17.2 The Interpretation of r 17.3 Correlation Analysis 17.4 Multiple and Partial Correlation Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests 18.1 The Sign Test 18.2 The Sign Test (Large Samples) 18.3 The Signed-Rank Test 18.4 The Signed-Rank Test (Large Samples) 18.5 The U Test 18.6 The U Test (Large Samples) 18.7 The H Test 18.8 Tests of Randomness: Runs 18.9 Tests of Randomness: Runs (Large Samples) 18.10 Tests of Randomness: Runs Above and Below the Median 18.11 Rank Correlation 18.12 Some Further Considerations