The Customs Union Issue

Jacob Viner's The Customs Union Issue was originally published in 1950 by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It set the framework for the contemporary debate over the benefits or otherwise of preferential trading agreements such as the European Union, NAFTA, and APEC. Viner developed the concepts of trade creation and diversion in this work as he pioneered the analysis of the global politics of trade agreements. This revival of Viner's classic work includes an introduction that places this book in the context of his life's work and the post-WWI economic and political situation. The introduction also traces the reception of Viner's work and discusses its continuing relevance for international economists, political scientists, and historians. "Jacob Viner's seminal work on customs unions drew attention to the key fact that preferential free trade agreements are different from, and generally inferior to, non-discriminatory free trade. While the issues we confront today over the downside of preferential trade agreements have shifted and multiplied, Viner's work remains as a warning that policymakers cannot afford to ignore." --Jagdish Bhagwati, University Professor (Economics, Law and International Affairs), Columbia University; author of Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade"Jacob Viner's The Customs Union Issue is a classic. Due to the spread of regional and preferential trade arrangements today, it is as relevant now as it was in 1950, when it was first published. Paul Oslington's introduction gives us insight into its origin, and I hope the book's republication introduces it to a new generation of readership." --Douglas A. Irwin, John Sloan Dickey Third Century Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College "While many innovators are victims of Stigler's Law-the observation, due to Robert Merton, that discoveries are seldom named after their discoverer-Jacob Viner is a happy exception in economics. He is known widely for, inter alia, originating the concepts of Vinerian trade creation and diversion. This timely new edition of his classic The Customs Union Issue will re-acquaint a new generation of trade students with not only the original discussion of these concepts but also the admirable rhetorical style of his generation of economists. It will also interest students to read a theoretical economist whose interest is so strongly policy-driven. In an era when one wonders if theory... has any impact on policy-making at all, it is refreshing to re-read an economist clearly speaking to both his colleagues and to policy-makers. This book should be on the shelves of every trade economist." --Martin Richardson,Acknowledgements ; Preface by Gene Grossman ; Foreword by George A. Finch ; Introduction by Paul Oslington ; I. Introduction ; II. The Compatibility of Customs Union with the Most-Favored-Nation Principle ; 1. The Criteria of a "Customs Union" ; 2. Diplomatic Controversies Arising out of Most-Favored-Nation obligations of Members of Customs Unions ; 3. The Most-Favored-Nation Principle Not a Serious Barrier to Customs Unions ; III. Exemption from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Preferential Arrangements other than Customs Union ; 1. Imperial Preference ; 2. Regional Agreements ; 3. Plurilateral Agreements ; IV. The Economics of Customs Unions ; 1. Customs Union as an Approach to Free Trade ; 2. Customs Union and the "Terms of Trade" ; 3. Administrative Economies of Customs Union ; 4. Revenue Duties ; 5. The <"Level>" of the Customs Union Tariff ; 6. Increased Tariff Protection as the Major Economic Objective of Customs Unions ; 7. Cartels in Relation to Customs Unions ; 8. The Allocation of Customs Revenues ; V. Political Aspects of Customs Unions ; 1. The Location of Administrative Authority in Customs Unions ; 2. Customs Union and Neutrality Obligations ; 3. Customs Union and Political Unification ; 4. The Austro-German Treaty of 1918 ; VI. The Havana Charter and Customs Union ; 1. The Most-Favored-Nation Principle ; 2. Exemptions from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Customs Unions, Free-Trade Areas, and Interim Agreements ; 3. Exemptions from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Agreements in the Interest of Economic Development, Including Regional Agreements ; 4. Relations with Non-Members ; 5. Significance of the Havana Charter for the Customs Union Question ; VII. Prospects for Customs Unions ; 1. Customs Unions Now in Operation or in Active Process of Negotiation ; 2. Customs Union in Western Europe ; 3. Obstacles to the Formation of Customs Unions ; Bibliography ; Index